Lesson 3: Molecules in 3D

Flat drawings, real shapes

Section 1 of 4

A displayed formula is a map: it shows which atoms are joined to which. It is not a picture of the molecule's shape.

Methane is usually drawn as a flat cross. That drawing suggests the bonds are 90° apart, all lying flat on the page. Real methane is not flat at all.

Methane, CH₄One carbon atom joined by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms.HHCHH
Methane drawn as a displayed formula. The flat cross suggests 90° between bonds, but the real molecule is not flat: open the 3D model to turn it around.

To see shapes, chemists use models. Neither kind is a photograph.

  • A ball-and-stick model shows each atom as a ball and each bond as a stick. It makes the angles between bonds easy to see, but it makes the atoms look far apart, when really they overlap.
  • A space-filling model shows how much room each atom takes up. It is closer to the real outline of the molecule, but it hides the bonds.

Both use the same colours: carbon grey, hydrogen white, oxygen red and nitrogen blue.

Methane as a ball-and-stick model and as a space-filling model Two models of methane side by side, with carbon grey and hydrogen white. Left, ball-and-stick: small balls joined by sticks, so the bond angles are easy to see. Right, space-filling: the hydrogen spheres sink deep into the bigger carbon sphere, and the fourth hydrogen is hidden behind it. This is closer to the real outline of the molecule, but the bonds are hidden. ball-and-stick space-filling
Methane as a ball-and-stick model (left) and a space-filling model (right). In the space-filling model the hydrogen atoms sink deep into the carbon atom, and the fourth one hides behind it: turn the 3D model above to see all four.

Quick check

What does a space-filling model show better than a ball-and-stick model?